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Similar syntax in both computer languages

This is a list of operators in the C and C++ programming languages. All the operators listed exist in C++; the column "Included in C", states whether an operator is also present in C. Note that C does not back up operator overloading.

When not overloaded, for the operators &&, ||, and , (the comma operator), in that location is a sequence indicate after the evaluation of the first operand.

C++ also contains the blazon conversion operators const_cast, static_cast, dynamic_cast, and reinterpret_cast. The formatting of these operators means that their precedence level is unimportant.

Well-nigh of the operators available in C and C++ are also available in other C-family languages such as C#, D, Java, Perl, and PHP with the aforementioned precedence, associativity, and semantics.

Table [edit]

For the purposes of these tables, a, b, and c represent valid values (literals, values from variables, or render value), object names, or lvalues, as appropriate. R, S and T stand for whatever type(s), and K for a class type or enumerated type.

Arithmetics operators [edit]

All arithmetic operators exist in C and C++ and tin be overloaded in C++.

Operator proper noun		Syntax	C++ prototype examples
Operator proper noun		Syntax	As member of K	Outside course definitions
Addition		`a + b`	`R K :: operator + ( Southward b );`	`R operator + ( K a , Southward b );`
Subtraction		`a - b`	`R Yard :: operator - ( South b );`	`R operator - ( K a , Due south b );`
Unary plus (integer promotion)		`+a`	`R K :: operator + ();`	`R operator + ( Yard a );`
Unary minus (additive changed)		`-a`	`R K :: operator - ();`	`R operator - ( Chiliad a );`
Multiplication		`a * b`	`R K :: operator * ( S b );`	`R operator * ( Chiliad a , Southward b );`
Sectionalisation		`a / b`	`R Thousand :: operator / ( S b );`	`R operator / ( K a , S b );`
Modulo (integer remainder)^[a]		`a % b`	`R K :: operator % ( S b );`	`R operator % ( Thou a , S b );`
Increment	Prefix	`++a`	`R & K :: operator ++ ();`	`R & operator ++ ( K & a );`
	Postfix	`a++`	`R K :: operator ++ ( int );`	`R operator ++ ( K & a , int );`
	Postfix	`a++`	Note: C++ uses the unnamed dummy-parameter `int` to differentiate betwixt prefix and postfix increment operators.
Decrement	Prefix	`--a`	`R & K :: operator -- ();`	`R & operator -- ( K & a );`
	Postfix	`a--`	`R Thou :: operator -- ( int );`	`R operator -- ( K & a , int );`
	Postfix	`a--`	Notation: C++ uses the unnamed dummy-parameter `int` to differentiate between prefix and postfix decrement operators.

Comparing operators/relational operators [edit]

All comparison operators can be overloaded in C++.

Operator name	Syntax	Included in C	Prototype examples
Operator name	Syntax	Included in C	Equally member of K	Outside class definitions
Equal to	`a == b`	Yeah	`bool Chiliad :: operator == ( S const & b ) const ;`	bool operator == ( K const & a , S const & b );
Non equal to	`a != b` `a not_eq b` ^[b]	Yes	`bool Grand :: operator != ( S const & b ) const ;`	bool operator != ( K const & a , S const & b );
Greater than	`a > b`	Yes	`bool Grand :: operator > ( Southward const & b ) const ;`	bool operator > ( G const & a , S const & b );
Less than	`a < b`	Yes	`bool K :: operator < ( S const & b ) const ;`	bool operator < ( One thousand const & a , S const & b );
Greater than or equal to	`a >= b`	Yep	`bool Thou :: operator >= ( S const & b ) const ;`	bool operator >= ( K const & a , S const & b );
Less than or equal to	`a <= b`	Yep	`bool K :: operator <= ( Due south const & b ) const ;`	bool operator <= ( K const & a , South const & b );
Three-way comparing^[c]	`a <=> b`	No	`machine K :: operator <=> ( const Due south & b );`	auto operator <=> ( const Chiliad & a , const Southward & b );
Three-way comparing^[c]	`a <=> b`	No	The operator has a total of iii possible render types: `std::weak_ordering`, `std::strong_ordering` and `std::partial_ordering` to which they all are convertible to.

Logical operators [edit]

All logical operators exist in C and C++ and can be overloaded in C++, albeit the overloading of the logical AND and logical OR is discouraged, considering every bit overloaded operators they behave as ordinary function calls, which ways that both of their operands are evaluated, so they lose their well-used and expected short-excursion evaluation property.^[1]

Operator name	Syntax	C++ prototype examples
Operator name	Syntax	As member of K	Outside class definitions
Logical negation (Not)	`!a` `not a` ^[b]	`bool K :: operator ! ();`	`bool operator ! ( K a );`
Logical AND	`a && b` `a and b` ^[b]	`bool One thousand :: operator && ( S b );`	`bool operator && ( K a , Due south b );`
Logical OR	`a \|\| b` `a or b` ^[b]	`bool K :: operator \|\| ( S b );`	`bool operator \|\| ( K a , Due south b );`

Bitwise operators [edit]

All bitwise operators be in C and C++ and can exist overloaded in C++.

Operator proper noun	Syntax	Epitome examples
Operator proper noun	Syntax	Every bit member of K	Exterior class definitions
Bitwise NOT	`~a` `compl a` ^[b]	`R Thousand :: operator ~ ();`	`R operator ~ ( K a );`
Bitwise AND	`a & b` `a bitand b` ^[b]	`R Thou :: operator & ( South b );`	`R operator & ( K a , S b );`
Bitwise OR	`a \| b` `a bitor b` ^[b]	`R K :: operator \| ( S b );`	`R operator \| ( 1000 a , S b );`
Bitwise XOR	`a ^ b` `a xor b` ^[b]	`R K :: operator ^ ( South b );`	`R operator ^ ( G a , S b );`
Bitwise left shift^[d]	`a << b`	`R K :: operator << ( S b );`	`R operator << ( Chiliad a , S b );`
Bitwise right shift^[d] ^[e]	`a >> b`	`R K :: operator >> ( S b );`	`R operator >> ( Chiliad a , S b );`

Assignment operators [edit]

All assignment expressions exist in C and C++ and tin be overloaded in C++.

For the given operators the semantic of the built-in combined assignment expression a ⊚= b is equivalent to a = a ⊚ b, except that a is evaluated only once.

Operator proper noun	Syntax	C++ prototype examples
Operator proper noun	Syntax	As member of K	Outside class definitions
Directly consignment	`a = b`	`R & K :: operator = ( Southward b );`	North/A
Addition assignment	`a += b`	`R & Thou :: operator += ( S b );`	`R & operator += ( K & a , S b );`
Subtraction assignment	`a -= b`	`R & K :: operator -= ( S b );`	`R & operator -= ( Thousand & a , South b );`
Multiplication assignment	`a *= b`	`R & G :: operator *= ( Due south b );`	`R & operator *= ( K & a , S b );`
Division assignment	`a /= b`	`R & K :: operator /= ( S b );`	`R & operator /= ( K & a , Due south b );`
Modulo consignment	`a %= b`	`R & Grand :: operator %= ( S b );`	`R & operator %= ( K & a , South b );`
Bitwise AND consignment	`a &= b` `a and_eq b` ^[b]	`R & K :: operator &= ( S b );`	`R & operator &= ( K & a , S b );`
Bitwise OR assignment	`a \|= b` `a or_eq b` ^[b]	`R & Yard :: operator \|= ( Southward b );`	`R & operator \|= ( Thousand & a , S b );`
Bitwise XOR assignment	`a ^= b` `a xor_eq b` ^[b]	`R & K :: operator ^= ( Southward b );`	`R & operator ^= ( M & a , South b );`
Bitwise left shift assignment	`a <<= b`	`R & K :: operator <<= ( Due south b );`	`R & operator <<= ( K & a , S b );`
Bitwise correct shift consignment^[e]	`a >>= b`	`R & One thousand :: operator >>= ( Due south b );`	`R & operator >>= ( K & a , S b );`

Member and pointer operators [edit]

Operator name	Syntax	Can overload in C++	Included in C	C++ prototype examples
Operator name	Syntax	Can overload in C++	Included in C	As member of K	Outside form definitions
Subscript	`a[b]`	Yes	Yes	`R & M :: operator []( S b );`	N/A
Indirection ("object pointed to past a")	`*a`	Aye	Yes	`R & One thousand :: operator * ();`	`R & operator * ( Chiliad a );`
Accost-of ("accost of a")	`&a`	Yes	Yes	`R * M :: operator & ();`	`R * operator & ( K a );`
Structure dereference ("fellow member b of object pointed to past a")	`a->b`	Yeah	Yep	`R * K :: operator -> ();` ^[f]	North/A
Structure reference ("member b of object a")	`a.b`	No	Yes	N/A
Member selected by pointer-to-member b of object pointed to by a ^[grand]	`a->*b`	Yes	No	`R & K :: operator ->* ( S b );`	`R & operator ->* ( K a , Southward b );`
Member of object a selected by arrow-to-member b	`a.*b`	No	No	North/A

Other operators [edit]

Operator proper noun	Syntax	Can overload in C++	Included in C	Image examples
Operator proper noun	Syntax	Can overload in C++	Included in C	Every bit fellow member of Thou	Outside course definitions
Function phone call See Function object.	`a(a1, a2)`	Aye	Yeah	`R G::operator ()( S a , T b , ...);`	North/A
Comma	`a, b`	Yes	Yes	`R 1000 :: operator ,( S b );`	`R operator ,( K a , S b );`
Ternary conditional	`a ? b : c`	No	Yes	N/A
Scope resolution	`a::b`	No	No	Due north/A
User-defined literals^[h] since C++eleven	`"a"_b`	Yep	No	N/A	`R operator "" _b ( T a )`
Sizeof	`sizeof(a)` ^[i] `sizeof(type)`	No	Yes	N/A
Size of parameter pack since C++11	`sizeof...(Args)`	No	No	N/A
Alignof since C++11	`alignof(type)` or `_Alignof(type)` ^[j]	No	Yes	N/A
Type identification	`typeid(a)` `typeid(blazon)`	No	No	N/A
Conversion (C-way cast)	`(blazon)a`	Aye	Yeah	`G :: operator R ();` ^[3]	N/A
Conversion	`type(a)`	No	No	Annotation: behaves like const_cast/static_cast/reinterpret_cast^[four]
static_cast conversion	`static_cast<type>(a)`	Yes	No	`M :: operator R ();` `explicit Thou :: operator R ();` since C++11	N/A
static_cast conversion	`static_cast<type>(a)`	Yes	No	Note: for user-defined conversions, the return blazon implicitly and necessarily matches the operator name.
dynamic cast conversion	`dynamic_cast<type>(a)`	No	No	Northward/A
const_cast conversion	`const_cast<type>(a)`	No	No	N/A
reinterpret_cast conversion	`reinterpret_cast<blazon>(a)`	No	No	Due north/A
Allocate storage	`new type`	Yes	No	`void * One thousand :: operator new ( size_t x );`	`void * operator new ( size_t x );`
Classify storage (array)	`new type [n]`	Yeah	No	`void * K :: operator new []( size_t a );`	`void * operator new []( size_t a );`
Deallocate storage	`delete a`	Yes	No	`void K :: operator delete ( void * a );`	`void operator delete ( void * a );`
Deallocate storage (array)	`delete[] a`	Aye	No	`void M :: operator delete []( void * a );`	`void operator delete []( void * a );`
Exception check since C++11	`noexcept(a)`	No	No	Due north/A

Notes:

^ The modulus operator works just with integer operands, for floating signal numbers a library function must be used instead (similar fmod ).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^m Requires iso646.h in C. Meet C++ operator synonyms
^ About C++20 3-mode comparison
^ ^a ^b In the context of iostreams, writers oftentimes will refer to << and >> as the "put-to" or "stream insertion" and "get-from" or "stream extraction" operators, respectively.
^ ^a ^b According to the C99 standard, the right shift of a negative number is implementation divers. Most implementations, e.1000., the GCC,^[ii] apply an arithmetic shift (i.eastward., sign extension), but a logical shift is possible.
^ The return type of operator -> () must be a type for which the -> performance can be applied, such as a pointer type. If x is of type C where C overloads operator -> () , x -> y gets expanded to ten . operator -> () -> y .
^ Meyers, Scott (October 1999), "Implementing operator->* for Smart Pointers" (PDF), Dr. Dobb's Journal, Aristeia .
^ Nearly C++11 User-divers literals
^ The parentheses are not necessary when taking the size of a value, only when taking the size of a blazon. However, they are usually used regardless.
^ C++ defines alignof operator, whereas C defines _Alignof. Both operators have the same semantics.

Operator precedence [edit]

The following is a table that lists the precedence and associativity of all the operators in the C and C++ languages. Operators are listed top to bottom, in descending precedence. Descending precedence refers to the priority of the grouping of operators and operands. Considering an expression, an operator which is listed on some row volition be grouped prior to any operator that is listed on a row further below information technology. Operators that are in the same prison cell (there may be several rows of operators listed in a cell) are grouped with the same precedence, in the given direction. An operator'due south precedence is unaffected by overloading.

The syntax of expressions in C and C++ is specified by a phrase structure grammar.^[v] The table given here has been inferred from the grammar.^{[ citation needed ]} For the ISO C 1999 standard, section half-dozen.5.half dozen notation 71 states that the C grammer provided by the specification defines the precedence of the C operators, and besides states that the operator precedence resulting from the grammer closely follows the specification'southward section ordering:

"The [C] syntax [i.due east., grammer] specifies the precedence of operators in the evaluation of an expression, which is the aforementioned as the gild of the major subclauses of this subclause, highest precedence first."^[6]

A precedence table, while mostly adequate, cannot resolve a few details. In particular, note that the ternary operator allows any capricious expression as its middle operand, despite beingness listed as having higher precedence than the assignment and comma operators. Thus a ? b, c : d is interpreted every bit a ? (b, c) : d, and not as the meaningless (a ? b), (c : d). And then, the expression in the middle of the conditional operator (between ? and : ) is parsed as if parenthesized. Too, notation that the firsthand, unparenthesized outcome of a C cast expression cannot be the operand of sizeof. Therefore, sizeof (int) * ten is interpreted as (sizeof(int)) * x and not sizeof ((int) * x).

Precedence	Operator	Description	Associativity
i highest	`::`	Telescopic resolution (C++ only)	None
2	`++`	Postfix increment	Left-to-right
	`--`	Postfix decrement
	`()`	Function telephone call
	`[]`	Array subscripting
	`.`	Element selection by reference
	`->`	Chemical element option through pointer
	`typeid()`	Run-time type data (C++ but) (encounter typeid)
	`const_cast`	Type cast (C++ only) (see const_cast)
	`dynamic_cast`	Type cast (C++ only) (meet dynamic cast)
	`reinterpret_cast`	Type cast (C++ just) (encounter reinterpret_cast)
	`static_cast`	Type cast (C++ merely) (see static_cast)
3	`++`	Prefix increment	Right-to-left
	`--`	Prefix decrement
	`+`	Unary plus
	`-`	Unary minus
	`!`	Logical Not
	`~`	Bitwise NOT (One's Complement)
	`(type)`	Type cast
	`*`	Indirection (dereference)
	`&`	Accost-of
	`sizeof`	Sizeof
	`_Alignof`	Alignment requirement (since C11)
	`new`, `new[]`	Dynamic memory allotment (C++ only)
	`delete`, `delete[]`	Dynamic memory deallocation (C++ only)
four	`.*`	Pointer to fellow member (C++ only)	Left-to-right
four	`->*`	Arrow to member (C++ only)	Left-to-right
5	`*`	Multiplication	Left-to-right
	`/`	Segmentation
	`%`	Modulo (remainder)
6	`+`	Addition	Left-to-right
6	`-`	Subtraction	Left-to-right
vii	`<<`	Bitwise left shift	Left-to-right
vii	`>>`	Bitwise correct shift	Left-to-right
viii	`<=>`	Three-style comparison (Introduced in C++20 - C++ just)	Left-to-right
ix	`<`	Less than	Left-to-right
	`<=`	Less than or equal to
	`>`	Greater than
	`>=`	Greater than or equal to
10	`==`	Equal to	Left-to-right
10	`!=`	Non equal to	Left-to-right
11	`&`	Bitwise AND	Left-to-right
12	`^`	Bitwise XOR (exclusive or)	Left-to-right
xiii	`\|`	Bitwise OR (inclusive or)	Left-to-correct
14	`&&`	Logical AND	Left-to-right
xv	`\|\|`	Logical OR	Left-to-right
16	`?:`	Ternary conditional (come across ?:)	Right-to-left
	`=`	Direct consignment
	`+=`	Consignment past sum
	`-=`	Assignment by difference
	`*=`	Consignment past product
	`/=`	Assignment by caliber
	`%=`	Assignment by remainder
	`<<=`	Assignment by bitwise left shift
	`>>=`	Consignment by bitwise right shift
	`&=`	Assignment by bitwise AND
	`^=`	Assignment by bitwise XOR
	`\|=`	Assignment past bitwise OR
	`throw`	Throw operator (exceptions throwing, C++ only)
17 everyman	`,`	Comma	Left-to-correct

^[seven] ^[8] ^[9]

Notes [edit]

The precedence table determines the lodge of binding in chained expressions, when it is non expressly specified by parentheses.

For instance, ++x*3 is ambiguous without some precedence dominion(s). The precedence table tells us that: x is 'jump' more tightly to ++ than to *, so that whatever ++ does (now or later—run into below), information technology does information technology ONLY to x (and non to x*3); it is equivalent to (++ten, x*iii).
Similarly, with iii*10++, where though the post-fix ++ is designed to act AFTER the entire expression is evaluated, the precedence tabular array makes it clear that Just x gets incremented (and NOT iii*ten). In fact, the expression (tmp=x++, iii*tmp) is evaluated with tmp being a temporary value. It is functionally equivalent to something like (tmp=3*x, ++x, tmp).

Abstracting the upshot of precedence or binding, consider the diagram above for the expression 3+2*y[i]++. The compiler's job is to resolve the diagram into an expression, one in which several unary operators (telephone call them three+( . ), 2*( . ), ( . )++ and ( . )[ i ]) are competing to bind to y. The lodge of precedence table resolves the final sub-expression they each act upon: ( . )[ i ] acts only on y, ( . )++ acts merely on y[i], ii*( . ) acts only on y[i]++ and 3+( . ) acts 'only' on 2*((y[i])++). Information technology is of import to note that WHAT sub-expression gets acted on by each operator is clear from the precedence table only WHEN each operator acts is not resolved by the precedence tabular array; in this example, the ( . )++ operator acts only on y[i] by the precedence rules just binding levels alone do not indicate the timing of the postfix ++ (the ( . )++ operator acts just later on y[i] is evaluated in the expression).

Many of the operators containing multi-character sequences are given "names" built from the operator proper noun of each character. For example, += and -= are often called plus equal(southward) and minus equal(s), instead of the more verbose "assignment by addition" and "assignment by subtraction". The binding of operators in C and C++ is specified (in the corresponding Standards) by a factored language grammar, rather than a precedence table. This creates some subtle conflicts. For case, in C, the syntax for a conditional expression is:

                        logical            -            OR            -            expression                                    ?                                    expression            :                                    provisional            -            expression

while in C++ it is:

                        logical            -            OR            -            expression                                    ?                                    expression            :                                    consignment            -            expression

Hence, the expression:

is parsed differently in the two languages. In C, this expression is a syntax error, considering the syntax for an consignment expression in C is:

                        unary            -            expression                                    '='                                    assignment            -            expression

In C++, it is parsed as:

                        e                                    =                                    (            a                                    <                                    d                                    ?                                    a            ++                                    :                                    (            a                                    =                                    d            ))

which is a valid expression.^[10] ^[11]

If you want to use comma-as-operator inside a unmarried function statement, variable assignment, or other comma-separated listing, you lot need to utilise parentheses,^[12] ^[xiii] e.g.:

                        int                                    a                                    =                                    1            ,                                    b                                    =                                    two            ,                                    weirdVariable                                    =                                    (            ++            a            ,                                    b            ),                                    d                                    =                                    four            ;

Criticism of bitwise and equality operators precedence [edit]

The precedence of the bitwise logical operators has been criticized.^[fourteen] Conceptually, & and | are arithmetic operators like * and +.

The expression a & b == seven is syntactically parsed as a & ( b == seven ) whereas the expression a + b == vii is parsed as ( a + b ) == seven . This requires parentheses to exist used more than often than they otherwise would.

Historically, at that place was no syntactic distinction between the bitwise and logical operators. In BCPL, B and early C, the operators && || didn't be. Instead & | had different meaning depending on whether they are used in a 'truth-value context' (i.e. when a Boolean value was expected, for example in if ( a == b & c ) {...} it behaved as a logical operator, but in c = a & b information technology behaved as a bitwise ane). It was retained so as to keep astern compatibility with existing installations.^[15]

Moreover, in C++ (and later versions of C) equality operations, with the exception of the 3-way comparing operator, yield bool type values which are conceptually a single bit (1 or 0) and equally such exercise not properly vest in "bitwise" operations.

C++ operator synonyms [edit]

C++ defines^[16] certain keywords to deed as aliases for a number of operators:

Keyword	Operator
`and`	`&&`
`and_eq`	`&=`
`bitand`	`&`
`bitor`	`\|`
`compl`	`~`
`not`	`!`
`not_eq`	`!=`
`or`	`\|\|`
`or_eq`	`\|=`
`xor`	`^`
`xor_eq`	`^=`

These can be used exactly the same way as the punctuation symbols they replace, as they are not the same operator under a different name, just rather simple token replacements for the proper name (grapheme string) of the respective operator. This means that the expressions (a > 0 and non flag) and (a > 0 && !flag) have identical meanings. It also means that, for example, the bitand keyword may exist used to replace not merely the bitwise-and operator but also the address-of operator, and it can fifty-fifty be used to specify reference types (e.g., int bitand ref = n). The ISO C specification makes allowance for these keywords as preprocessor macros in the header file iso646.h. For compatibility with C, C++ provides the header ciso646, the inclusion of which has no effect.

Run into also [edit]

Bitwise operations in C
Bit manipulation
Logical operator
Boolean algebra (logic)
Table of logic symbols
Digraphs and trigraphs in C and in C++

References [edit]

^ "Standard C++".
^ "Integers implementation", GCC 4.3.3, GNU .
^ "user-defined conversion". Retrieved 5 April 2020.
^ Explicit type conversion in C++
^ ISO/IEC 9899:201x Programming Languages - C. open-std.org – The C Standards Committee. 19 December 2011. p. 465.
^ the ISO C 1999 standard, section six.v.6 note 71 (Technical report). ISO. 1999.
^ "C Operator Precedence - cppreference.com". en.cppreference.com . Retrieved 16 July 2019.
^ "C++ Built-in Operators, Precedence and Associativity". docs.microsoft.com . Retrieved xi May 2020.
^ "C++ Operator Precedence - cppreference.com". en.cppreference.com . Retrieved 16 July 2019.
^ "C Operator Precedence - cppreference.com". en.cppreference.com . Retrieved 10 April 2020.
^ "Does the C/C++ ternary operator actually have the same precedence equally assignment operators?". Stack Overflow . Retrieved 22 September 2019.
^ "Other operators - cppreference.com". en.cppreference.com . Retrieved 10 April 2020.
^ "c++ - How does the Comma Operator piece of work". Stack Overflow . Retrieved ane April 2020.
^ C history § Neonatal C, Bell labs .
^ "Re^10: side by side unless condition". www.perlmonks.org . Retrieved 23 March 2018.
^ ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) Programming Language C++. open-std.org – The C++ Standards Commission. 1 September 1998. pp. 40–41.

External links [edit]

"Operators", C++ reference (wiki) .
C Operator Precedence
Postfix Increment and Decrement Operators: ++ and -- (Developer network), Microsoft .

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B

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